Wordpress Codex

1. List of taxonomy
<?php
//list terms in a given taxonomy
$taxonomy = 'industry';
$tax_terms = get_terms($taxonomy);
?>
<ul>
<?php
foreach ($tax_terms as $tax_term) {
echo '<li>' . '<a href="' . esc_attr(get_term_link($tax_term, $taxonomy)) . '" title="' . sprintf( __( "View all posts in %s" ), $tax_term->name ) . '" ' . '>' . $tax_term->name.'</a></li>';
}
?>
</ul>

2. List of all categories for post
<?php wp_list_categories(); ?>

3. List of  All Post types

<?php
foreach ( get_post_types( '', 'names' ) as $post_type ) {
   echo '<p>' . $post_type . '</p>';
}
?>


4.List of all Post for custom Post type.

$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => 'book' ) );
while ( $query->have_posts() ) : $query->the_post();
echo '<li><a href="';
the_permalink();
echo '">';
the_title();
echo '</a></li>';
endwhile;

5. Important Template Files:

    header.php (displays the header area)
    footer.php (displays the footer area)
    index.php (shows your latest blog posts)
    single.php (shows a single blog post)
    page.php (displays static page)
    sidebar.php (displays the sidebar)
    archive.php (shows blog archives)